Competency 10
1 conductor -materials that transfer heat or electricity easily.
2 circuit -a complete or partial path followed by a flow of electric current.
3 current -movement of electrons through a conductor such as wire.
4 charge-negative or positive force of an atom that results from the gain or loss of electrons.
5 electricity-the energy of moving charges in atoms.
6 static electricity-a charge that builds up when two things rub together(friction).
7 electromagnet-a metal object, wrapped in wire, that becomes magnetic by receiving an electrical charge.
8 electron-a negatively charged particle that moves in a shell outside an atom’s nucleus.
9 insulator-a material that does not transfer electricity or heat easily.
10 open circuit-a system of electrical parts in a path that is broken or incomplete.
11 closed circuit- a complete system of electrical parts in a path that is unbroken.
12 parallel circuit a circuit in which there is more than one path for the current to travel.
13 series circuit-a circuit in which there is only one single path for the current to travel.
14 lightning-a static electrical discharge between 2 clouds or between a cloud and the Earth accompanied by a flash of light.
15 simple machine-any device that changes forces or directions of forces.
16 compound machine-a device that combines two or more simple machines.
17 fulcrum-a point or support around which a lever rotates.
18 force-a push or pull that causes something to change its position, speed or direction.
Questions for competency 10 are:
Write eight simple machines and give an example of each (and for show, the meanings)
1 Pulley-uses grooved wheels and a rope to raise, lower or move a load: elevator
2 Lever-a stiff bar that rests on a support called a fulcrum which lifts or moves loads: crow bar
3 Wedge-an object with at least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apart
4 Wheel & Axle-a wheel with a rod, called an axle, through its center lifts or moves loads: truck
5 Gear-just about everything that has spinning parts: clock
6 Inclined Plain-a slanting surface connecting a lower level to a higher level: slide
7 Screw-an inclined plane wrapped around a pole which holds things together or lifts materials: light bulb
8 Wedge-an object with at least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apart
Give an example of a conductor: Water-H20
Give an example of an insulator: Silicon Rubber
COMPETENCY 9
Definitions:
Acceleration-rate of change in speed or direction of movement
Air Resistance-friction caused by gas molecules in the air hitting on object and slowing it down
Friction-a force that resists the movement of one surface past another surface
Gravity-a force that acts to pull pairs of objects together
Inertia-the tendency of all objects to stay at rest or to remain in motion unless an outside force causes a change
Kilometer per hour-the number of kilometers something can go in one hour
Mass-the amount of matter in an object
Speed-a measure of how far something can go in a certain matter of time
Streamline-to design smooth, rounded, surfaces on an object so it slips through the air with the least resistance
Velocity-a measure of speed in a certain direction
Weight- the force gravity exerts on an object’s mass
Questions:
Speed is equal to distance divided by time.
What is the difference between speed and velocity? velocity is direction & speed is how far
One Kilometer= 1,000 meters
Inertia is the tendency os an object to either stay at rest or remain in motion until a force act on the object.
To change velocity, you could change directions.
For every action, there is an equal yet opposite reaction.
Every object, whether moving or at rest, has inertia.
Name the three unseen forces that affect inertia. gravity, friction, & air resistance
What goes up must come down.
Engineers streamline objects to reduce friction with gas molecules in the air.
To find your distance traveled, multiply speed and speed.
Streamline protects you in a car from the forces of inertia.
Forces always work in pairs.
Velocity is measured by direction and speed.
Gravity makes objects fall toward the earth at the same rate.
There is no air on the moon.
1 When a objects are in motion they want to stay in motion, and when a rest it wants to stay at rest until an outside object interrupts it.
3 For every action there is an equal yet opposite reaction.
Competency 8
Vocabulary:
1. Element - a substance that cannot be broken down into substances by light, heat, or electricity.
2. Periodic Table – a chart that classifies elements by their properties .
3. Atom – the smallest particle in an element that has the properties of an element.
4. Nucleus – the center of an atom, where protons and neutrons are located.
5. Proton – particle in an atom that has a positive electrical charge.
6. Neutron – particle in atom that has no charge.
7. Electron – particle in an atom that has a negative electrical charge.
8. Molecule – two or more atoms joined together; the smallest unit of many substances.
9. Compound – a substance made of atoms of more than one element joined together in a molecule.
10. Mixture – two or more substances that are mixed together, but can be separated because their atoms are not combined.
11. Solution – a mixture in which substances break into their most basic particles, which are too small to be seen, and spread evenly through another substance.
12. Physical property – a way of describing an object using traits that can be observed
or measured without changing the substance into something else.
13. Physical change - a change in one or more physical properties.
14. Sublimation – matter changing from solid to gas without going through the liquid stage.
15. Chemical Property - describe the way a substance reacts to another substances.
16. Chemical Change – a change that produces new substances with new properties.
17. Chemical reaction – a process that produces one or more substances that are different from the original substances.
Fill in the Blank
- There are just over 100 elements.
- Cucumbers tossed with lettuce for a salad is a physical change.
- The atom is the particle in an atom found outside the nucleus.
- Rust is formed when iron atoms form with oxygen atoms.
- A molecule is when two or more atoms join together.
- Knowing about chemical properties can help identifying elements and compounds
- Is iron, hydrogen, rust, or calcium an example of a compound? Rust
- Ash is a new substance formed when wood burns.
- Sodium and Chlorine can combine to form salt.
- “ This substance is blue “, is an example of physical property.
- Lemonade is an example of a solution.
- Elasticity is the physical property that describes how much a substance will stretch or bend.
1. A chart that classifies elements by their properties is a periodic table.
2. A substance that can be combined with baking soda to produce carbon dioxide is vinegar.
3. When the atoms of two different substances combine they form a compound.
4. H2O is the symbol for water.
5. An ice cube is a solid.
6. A puddle of water is a liquid.
Elements
- H hydrogen
- NA salt
- MG magnesium
- Y yttrium
- TI titanium
- FE iron
- CU copper
- AG silver
- AU gold
- C carbon
- PB lead
- N nitrogen
- O oxygen
- S sulfur
- CL chlorine
- I iodine
- NE neon
- KR krypton
Competency 7
Vocabulary
- Rotation-the motion of a body spinning on its axis.
- Revolution-the motion of an object around object.
- Gravity-a force that pulls pairs of objects toward each other.
- Orbit-in space, the path of a smaller body traveling around a larger one.
- Phases-the different parts shaded on the moon.
- Waxing-the phase in which light is increasing on the moon.
- Waning-light decreasing on the moon.
- Crescent-moon phase that is mostly dark and slightly light.
- Gibbous-mostly lit slightly dark.
- Elliptical-Oval orbit.
- Meteoroid-a small rocky object that orbits the sun.
- Meteor-a meteoroid that enters the earth’s atmosphere but burns up before landing.
- Meteorite-a meteor that lands on earth.
- Asteroid-a large rocky object that orbits the sun.
- Comet-an icy gaseous object that orbits the sun.
- Reflection-light bouncing.
- Refraction-the bending of light.
- Constellation-a recognizable pattern in the stars.
Fill in the Blank
1. Name the earth’s 3 motions.
I revolve
II motion in relation to the galaxy
III rotate
1. The earth spins on its axis every 24 hours. This motion creates rotation and revolve.
2. The earth travels around the sun in 365 days. The path around the sun is called the earth’s orbit. The orbit lies on an imaginary flat surface that cuts through the sun. The tilt and the Earth’s motion around the sun cause the change of seasons.
3. The milky way galaxy spins around like a giant wheel once every 250 million years. The earth moves with the sun as the sun circles the middle of the Milky Way.
4. The moon makes tides and is called gravitational pull.
5. Gravity is a force found everywhere in the universe. It attracts or pulls objects toward each other. Earth’s gravity pulls things toward the center of the earth. Gravity holds the moon in its orbit around earth.
6. The moon’s gravity is smaller than Earth’s, but it is strong enough to effect our planet. Everything in space has gravity. The moon effects Earth more than any other moon in our solar system.
7. As the moon moves around Earth, its gravity pulls the water in our oceans and lakes and causes waves.
8. When it is high tide on one side of the earth it is always low tide on the side directly across from it and vise versa. Tides follow the moon as it travels around Earth. Every shore in the world has high and low tides.
9. When a full moon passes through the earth’s shadow, we see an angle of the moon.
10. An eclipse is when one heavenly body is hidden by the shadow of another. If it is not entirely hidden by the shadow a part eclipse occurs.
11. If it is completely hidden it is a full eclipse.
12. When the earth passes between the sun and moon so that the moon is completely in the Earth’s shadow, the moon can’t be seen. An eclipse of the moon is called a lunar eclipse.
When the moon passes between the earth and sun so that we can’t see the sun, the sun is an eclipse. This is called a solar eclipse.
Competency 6
1. Atmosphere-the layer of the earth that is the air
2. Hydrosphere-the layer of the earth that is covered in water or H2O
3. Lithosphere-the layer of the earth that is the surface or the ground
4. crust-top layer of the earth, above the mantle
5. mantle-middle layer of the earth, between the crust and the core
6. core-center of the earth, under the mantle
7. Pangaea Theory-theory of a super contained 253 million years ago
8. plate tectonics-the theory the earths crust broken down into plates moving slowly
9. Plate-a theory of large sections of crust
10. Earth quakes-a sudden movement of the earths crust
11. Fossil-any remains of an organism
12. Fossil record-animals, plant, and changes that took place many years ago; found fossil
13. weathering-breaking down of rocks and minerals
14. erosion-moving objects
15. deposition-depositing of sediments
Here's some of the weather tools were will be learning.
1. Thermometer
2. Barometer
3. Ammeter
4. Wind gauge
5. Rain gauge
6. Hygrometer
.uestions Answers
1. Give a one word definition of the three layers of the earth?
Atmosphere-air
Hydrosphere-water
Lithosphere-land
2. What gases make up the earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen=77%
Oxygen=21%
CO2=2%
3. How much of the earth's surface is covered by the hydrosphere?
75% or 3/4
4. How is the lithosphere part of the hydrosphere?
Surface water
5. What part of the lithosphere is not visible on the globe?
Surface water and vegetation
6. Is the center of the earth hot or cold?
Hot
7. What hypothesis is supportive by the discovery of the fossils?
That all the continents were together
8. About how long ago does scientist think that the continents began to separate?
150 or 200 million years ago
9. What does the theory of plate tectonics state?
How plates move
10. What kinds of crust does the earth’s plate include?
Ridge top part of the mantle
11. How does a plate move?
Plate tectonics
12. Where do most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur on earth?
13. How do volcanoes form islands?
When a volcanoes under the sea erupts magma into the ocean, it forms new ocean crust
14. How were the
15. Why does an ocean plate sink when it collides with a continental plate?
The ocean plate is pushing the continental plate
Competency 5
Questions
- Q How do kangaroo rats obtain all of their water? A It gets all of its water from the food it eats.
- Q How do the roadrunner’s long legs protect it from the heat? A It rises its body above the hot surface.
- Where an animal lives is environmental adaptation.
- An adaptation of an organism’s body or coloring is a structural adaptation.
- A bee’s “dancing” is an example of behavioral adaptation.
- Inherited traits that help the organism survive in their environment are adaptation.
- Any living things that can carry out the six processes of life are organisms.
- An adaptation in which one organism looks like another is mimicry.
- A type of camouflage in which the color of an animal blends in with its background is protective coloration.
- A small tail, ears, hairy paws, and a fat layer help the polar survive because they allow the bear to stay warm.
- A fossil that is a hollow place shaped like an organism is a mold.
- A fossil formed when minerals slowly replace some or all of an organism is a petrified fossil.
True or False
1. Birds and mammals are animals that use the energy from food to keep their body temperatures about the same all the time. T
2. Because it has thick, waterproof fur, a polar bear does need to conserve heat.F
3. The way the petals of an arctic poppy are shaped concentrates the light. T
4. Many desert animals stay underground during the day. T
5. Desert wild flowers have a long life cycle. F
6. Some animals save energy by slowing their body processes during the cold seasons. T
7. Whenever a plant loses its leaves, it dies. F
8. In the spring, some animals shed their heavy winter coats and grow light ones.T
9. Kangaroo rats must drink water to stay alive. F
10. All domestic dogs belong to the same species. T
11. All new traits help organisms. F
12. As the environment changes, some species may stay the same. T
13. Air pollution changed the popper moth’s environment. T
14. The gray fox became extinct when the Ice Age ended. F
Competency 4
Vocabulary
1. Carnivores-consumers that get all their energy from eating other consumers (meat eaters).
2. Consumers-an organism that consumes other organisms for food.
3. Decomposers-an organism that helps break down and decay dead organisms and the wastes of living organisms.
4. Energy Pyramid-a diagram that compares the amount of energy available at each position, or level, in the feeding order.
5. Food Chain-the path of energy and matter in a community.
6. Food Web-a combination of all the food chains in a community.
7. Herbivores-consumers that only eat plants (plant eaters).
8. Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals.
9. Photosynthesis-the process by which plants use sunlight to make sugar from water and carbon dioxide.
10. Predators-an animal that hunts and eats another animal.
11. Prey-the animal eaten by the predator.
12. Producers-an organism that uses sunlight to make sugar from water and carbon dioxide.
13. Scavengers-an animal that feeds on the body of dead organisms.
Questions
1. Plants use sunlight to make sugar.
2. What three things do plants use in photosynthesis: Water Co2 sunlight.
3. What two things do you produce in photosynthesis: sugar oxygen.
4. The life of a tree depends on its ability to get light.
5. Consumers that eat only plants are called herbivores.
6. Consumers that get all their energy from eating other consumers are called carnivores.
7. Consumers that eat both plants and organisms are called omnivores.
8. All organisms that are not producers are consumers.
9. Without decomposers, soil would not contain enough nutrients for plants to grow.
10. Decomposers include fungi and some single-celled organisms.
11. Life on earth depends on the sun’s energy.
12. Just as producers get their energy from the sun. Consumers get their energy from producers.
13. Both the food chain an energy pyramid show the flow of energy.
14. As you move up the energy pyramid, the amount of energy decreases.
15. Energy that doesn’t travel to the next level is lost as heat. (about 1/10)
16. A food web clearly shows how organisms are dependant on each other.
17. A food web links together the different food chains in a community.
18. A food web is a combination of the feeding relationships among organisms in a community.
True or False
1. If one part of the ecosystem is removed, many other parts can be disrupted answer: True
2. Ecosystems are about organisms depending on each other. Answer: True
Competency 3
Vocabulary
- Ecosystem-all of the living and nonliving parts of an area.
- Ecology-the study of the relationships among living and nonliving parts of an area.
- Habitat-the place where a species lives.
- Niche-the role of a species in an ecosystem (the job they perform).
- Population-all of the members of one species that live in the same area.
- Community-all of the populations living together in one area.
- Species-a group of organisms of only one kind that can interbreed in nature.
- Endangered Species-a species in danger of extinction.
- Extinction-no longer existing in living form.
- Pollution-unwanted substances added to the air, water, or land.
- Organism-a living being.
- Environment-surroundings and physical conditions that effect the growth and development of organisms.
- Resources-something organisms use to help them survive such as air, water, or land.
- Acid Rain-rain containing acids formed when air pollutants react with water vapor.
- Hydrosphere-the water part of the earth’s surface. (water)
- Lithosphere-the shell of the earth, made up of the crust and rigid outer part of the mantle. (land)
- Atmosphere-the layer of gases that surrounds the earth and contains clouds. (air)
- Terrarium-a small closed container in which small plants are grown or small animals are kept.
- Biome-a community of living organisms in a single major ecological region. A large ecosystem.
- Symbiotic Relationships-two or more different organisms living together in a close association especially when it is mutually beneficial. (example: cowbirds)
Biomes
- Tundra
- Taiga
- Coniferous Rainforests
- Deciduous Rainforests
- Tropical Rainforests
- Prairie Grassland
- Desert
- Freshwater
- Saltwater
Questions
1. Name three things in a rainforest: monkey orchid frog
2. Name three non-livings things in a rainforest: water sunlight temperature
3. In a rainforest, rain often falls, and humidity is always high.
4. Sunlight and temperature stay the same through the year.
5. The prefix “eco” means house. The suffix “logy” means the study of.
6. More photosynthesis is carried out more in a rainforest than in any other ecosystem.
7. Name three other types of ecosystems besides a rainforest:
8. The place where an animal lives is its habitat.
9. Species group together to form populations. Populations group together to form a community.
10. In the water cycle, water on the ground evaporates, then condenses into clouds, then falls to the ground as precipitation.
11. Formula for photosynthesis: sunlight +carbon dioxide +water=sugar +oxygen
12. Formula for respiration: sugar +oxygen=carbon dioxide +water +sunlight
13. The opposite of photosynthesis is respiration which is the process by which organisms use oxygen and sugar to release energy.
14. Hydrosphere-water Lithosphere-land Atmosphere-gases
True or false
1. A carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle is something you ride: False
2. The amount of material that cycles through an ecosystem stays the same: true
3. Rainforests contain many different species of plants and animals: true
4. Only producers give off energy: true
5. The soil in most tropical rainforests is very rich: false
6. Every species has its own niche: true
Competency 2
Vocabulary
- Sexual reproduction-reproduction in which sex cells join to form a cell that has the same number of chromosomes as the parents.
- Asexual Reproduction-reproduction that requires only one parent. Two new organisms form from the division of one parent cell.
- Traits- feature or characteristic.
- Spore-a tiny body that can grow into a new organism. It is the reproductive germ of most plants.
- Buds-small swellings on plants that will grow into a flower, leaf, or branch.
- Pollen-yellow sticky dust seen on the anther. It is produced in the stamen.
- Fertilization-the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell.
- Pollination-the movement of pollen from a stamen to a pistil.
- Chromosomes-structure in the nucleus of a cell that control the cell’s activities.
- Fertilized Egg-the cell that results when a sperm cell and an egg cell unite.
- Inherited-passed to offspring by parents.
- Gene-the section in a chromosome that controls a trait.
- Hybrid-an individual that has a dominant and recessive gene for a trait.
- Recessive Gene-a gene whose expression is hidden by a dominant gene.
- Dominant Gene-the gene that can prevent the expression of another gene.
- Mutation-a permanent change in the structure of a gene or chromosome.
- Sperm Cell-a cell that can join with an egg cell to form a new individual.
- Vascular Plant-a plant with long tubes inside that carry food and water to all parts of the plant.
Questions
- Q- Why is it important to classify living things? A- It’s important so scientists can learn more about them.
- Q- What are the two major groups to which all plants belong? A-Flowering plants and Conifers.
- Q- Describe the difference between monocots and dicots. A- Monocots have one seed leaf and dicots have two.
Competency 1
Vocabulary
1. Cell-the building blocks of all living things.
2. Tissues-a group of similar cells that are the smallest unit of life.
3. Organs-a group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function.
4. Organ System-a group of organs in your body that work together to perform a certain function.
5. Organism-something that can perform all the processes of life.
6. Circulatory System-the system that uses blood to carry food, oxygen, and water to all parts of the body.
7. Nervous System-the system responsible for processing and communicating information in the body.
8. Skeletal System-the body system that supports the body and helps movement.
9. Digestive System-the body system that breaks up food particles into energy that the body can use.
10. Respiratory System-the body system that brings oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide waste.
11. Muscular System-the body system that’s made of muscles and provides movement.
12. Excretory System- the body system that removes waste.
13. Vertebrate-an animal with a backbone.
14. Invertebrate-an animal without a backbone.
15. Cell Membrane-a thin layer that makes up the outside of a cell and controls what enters the brain.
16. Cell Wall-a stiff outer layer that helps keep plant cells firm.
17. Cytoplasm-jellylike material that fills most of a cell.
18. Chloroplasts-the green cell part in plant cells that traps and uses light energy.
19. Nucleus-the cell part that controls the cell’s activities.
20. Organelle-any cell structure with a specific job.
21. Voluntary-muscles that move without having to think about them
22. Involuntary-muscles you can control.
Organs in their Systems.
Circulatory: heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries.
Digestive: stomach, esophagus, small and large intestines, and liver.
Nervous: nerves, spinal cord, and brain.
Respiratory: trachea and lungs
Skeletal: cranium, spine, humorous, femur, and phalanges
Muscular: none
Excretory: kidney and bladder
Questions
I. list the order of living things:
I. cell
II. tissue
III. organ
IV. organ system
V. organism
VI. population
VII. community
VIII. ecosystem
IX. biomes
· list the 6 processes of living things:
I. get energy
II. use energy
III. get rid of waste
IV. reproduce
V. grow
VI. react to changes
